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[r2003-11-19 17:01:28 by beppe] typo

Original author: beppe
Date: 2003-11-19 17:01:28+00:00
1 abate 254 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1" standalone="yes"?>
2 abate 341 <page name="memento">
3 abate 254
4 abate 679 <title>Quick reference</title>
5 abate 254
6 abate 341 <left>
7     <p>This page briefly presents the syntax of the CDuce language.</p>
8     <boxes-toc/>
9     <p>See also:</p>
10 abate 684 <local-links href="index,proto,manual,tutorial,papers"/>
11 abate 341 </left>
12 abate 254
13     <box title="Identifiers" link="id">
14     <ul>
15     <li> Type and Pattern identifiers: words formed by of unicode letters and and
16     the underscore "_" character, starting by a capitalized letter. </li>
17    
18     <li> value identifiers: words formed by of unicode letters and the underscore "
19     _" character, starting by a capitalized letter or underscore.</li>
20     </ul>
21     </box>
22    
23     <box title="Scalars" link="scalars">
24     <ul>
25     <li>Large integers:
26     <ul>
27 abate 341 <li>Values: <code>0,1,2,3,...</code> </li>
28     <li>Types: intervals <code>-*--10, 20--30, 50--*, ...</code>,
29     singletons <code>0,1,2,3,...</code> </li>
30     <li>Operators: <code>+,-,/,*,div,mod, int_of</code> </li>
31 abate 254 </ul>
32     </li>
33     <li>Unicode characters:
34     <ul>
35 abate 341 <li>Values: <code>'a','b','c'...</code> </li>
36     <li>Types: intervals <code>'a'--'z', '0'--'9'</code>,
37     singletons <code>'a','b','c',...</code> </li>
38 abate 254 </ul>
39     </li>
40     <li>Symbolic atoms:
41     <ul>
42 abate 341 <li>Values: <code>`A, `B, `a, `b, `true, `false, ...</code> </li>
43     <li>Types: singletons <code>`A, `B, ...</code> </li>
44     <li>Operators: <code>atom_of</code> : String -> Atom</li>
45 abate 554 <li>CDuce also supports <local href="namespaces">XML Namespaces</local></li>
46 abate 254 </ul>
47     </li>
48     </ul>
49     </box>
50    
51     <box title="Operators" link="op">
52     <ul>
53     <li>Infix:
54 abate 388 <br/> <code>@</code> : concatenation of sequences
55 abate 341 <br/> <code>+,*,-,div,mod</code> : Integer,Integer -> Integer
56     <br/> <code>=, &lt;&lt;, &lt;=, &gt;&gt;, &gt;= </code> :
57 abate 701 <i>t</i>,<i>t</i> -> Bool = <code>`true | `false</code> (any non functional type <i>t</i>)
58 abate 722 <br/> <code>||, &amp;&amp;</code> : Bool,Bool -> Bool
59     <br/> <code>not</code>: Bool -> Bool
60 abate 254 </li>
61     <li>Prefix:
62 abate 341 <br/><code>load_xml,load_html</code> : String -> Any,
63     <br/><code>dump_to_file</code> : String -> String -> Any,
64     <br/><code>print_xml</code> : Any -> String
65     <br/><code>print</code> : String -> []
66 abate 700 <br/><code>int_of</code> : ['-'? ('0'--'9')+] -> Integer
67     <br/><code>string_of</code> : Any -> Latin1
68 abate 254 </li>
69     </ul>
70     </box>
71    
72     <box title="Pairs" link="pair">
73     <ul>
74 abate 341 <li>Expressions: <code>(e1,e2)</code> </li>
75     <li>Types and patterns: <code>(t1,t2)</code> </li>
76 abate 254 <li>Note: tuples are right-associative pairs; e.g.:
77 abate 341 <code>(1,2,3)=(1,(2,3))</code> </li>
78 abate 254 <li>When a capture variable appears on both side of a pair pattern,
79     the two captured values are paired
80 abate 341 together (e.g. <code>match (1,2,3) with (x,(_,x)) -> x ==>
81     (1,3)</code>). </li>
82 abate 254 </ul>
83     </box>
84    
85     <box title="Sequences" link="seq">
86     <ul>
87 abate 341 <li>Expressions: <code>[ 1 2 3 ]</code>,
88     which is syntactic sugar for <code>(1,(2,(3,`nil)))</code> </li>
89     <li>A sub-sequence can be escaped by !: <code>[ 1 2 ![ 3 4 ] 5
90     ]</code> is then equal to <code>[ 1 2 3 4 5 ]</code> . </li>
91     <li>Types and patterns : <code>[ R ]</code> where <code>R</code> is
92 abate 254 a regular expression built on types and patterns:
93     <ul>
94     <li>A type or a pattern is a regexp by itself, matching a single
95     element of the sequence </li>
96 abate 341 <li>Postfix repetition operators: <code>*,+,?</code>
97     and the ungreedy variants (for patterns) <code>*?, +?
98     ,??</code></li>
99 abate 254 <li>Concatenation of regexps</li>
100 abate 341 <li>For patterns, sequence capture variable <code>x::R</code> </li>
101 abate 254 </ul>
102     </li>
103     <li>It is possible to specify a tail, for expressions, types, and patterns;
104 abate 341 e.g.: <code>[ x::Int*; q ]</code> </li>
105     <li>Map: <code>map e with p1 -> e1 | ... | pn -> en</code>.
106 abate 254 Each element of e must be matched. </li>
107 abate 341 <li>Transform: <code>transform e with p1 -> e1 | ... | pn -> en</code>.
108 abate 254 Unmatched elements are discarded; each branch returns a sequence
109     and all the resulting sequences are concatenated together. </li>
110 abate 341 <li>Operators: concatenation <code>e1 @ e2 = [ !e1 !e2 ]</code>,
111     flattening <code>flatten e = transform e with x -> x</code>.
112 abate 254 </li>
113     </ul>
114     </box>
115    
116     <box title="Record" link="record">
117     <ul>
118 abate 341 <li>Records litteral <code>{ l1 = e1; ...; ln = en }</code></li>
119     <li>Types: <code>{| l1 = t1; ...; ln = tn |}</code> (closed, no more
120     fields allowed), <code>>{ l1 = t1; ...; ln = tn }</code> (open,
121     any other field allowed). Optional fields: <code>li =? ti</code>
122     instead of <code>li = ti</code>.</li>
123     <li>Record concatenation: <code>e1 + e2</code>
124 abate 254 (priority to the fields from the right argument) </li>
125 abate 341 <li>Field removal: <code>e1 \ l</code> (does nothing if the
126     field <code>l</code> is not present)</li>
127     <li>Field access: <code>e1 . l</code></li>
128     <li>Record: <code>{ l1 = p1; ...; ln = pn }</code></li>
129 abate 554 <li>Labels are in fact Qualified Names (see <local href="namespaces"/>)</li>
130 abate 254 </ul>
131     </box>
132    
133     <box title="Strings" link="string">
134     <ul>
135     <li>Strings are actually sequences of characters.</li>
136 abate 341 <li>Expressions: <code>"abc", [ 'abc' ], [ 'a' 'b' 'c' ]</code>. </li>
137     <li>Operators: <code>string_of, print, dump_to_file</code></li>
138     <li><code>PCDATA</code> means <code>Char*</code> inside regular expressions</li>
139 abate 254 </ul>
140     </box>
141    
142     <box title="XML elements" link="xml">
143     <ul>
144 abate 341 <li>Expressions: <code> &lt;(tag) (attr)>content</code> </li>
145     <li>If the tag is an atom <code>`X</code>, it can be written
146     <code>X</code> (without the <code>(..)</code>).
147 abate 254 Similarly, parenthesis and curly braces may be omitted
148 abate 563 when attr is a record <code>l1=e1;...;ln=en</code>
149     (semicolon can also be omitted in this case).
150 abate 341 E.g: <code>&lt;a href="abc">[ 'abc' ]</code>.</li>
151 abate 254 <li>Types and patterns: same notations.</li>
152 abate 775 <li>Tree transformation: <code>xtransform e with p1 -> e1 | ... | pn -> en</code>.
153     Applies to sequences of XML trees. Unmatched elements are left unchanged and the
154 abate 776 transformation is recursively applied to the sequence of children of the unmatched
155 abate 775 element; as for transform, each branch returns a sequence
156     and all the resulting sequences are concatenated together. </li>
157 abate 341 <li>Operators: <code>load_xml : String -> Any; print_xml : Any -> String</code>
158 abate 254 </li>
159     </ul>
160     </box>
161    
162     <box title="Functions" link="fun">
163     <ul>
164     <li>Expressions:
165     <ul>
166 abate 341 <li>General form: <code>fun f (t1->s1;...;tn->sn)
167     p1 -> e1 | ... | pn -> en</code> (<code>f</code> is optional) </li>
168     <li>Simple function: <code>fun f (p : t) : s = e</code>,
169     equivalent to <code>fun f (t -> s) p -> e</code> </li>
170     <li>Multiple arguments: <code>fun f (p1 : t1, p2 : t2,...) : s =
171     e</code>, equivalent to <code>fun f ((p1,p2,...):(t1,t2,...)) : s
172     = e</code> </li>
173 abate 254 </ul>
174     </li>
175 abate 341 <li>Types: <code>t -> s</code> </li>
176 abate 254 </ul>
177     </box>
178    
179     <box title="Pattern matching, exceptions, ..." link="match">
180     <ul>
181 abate 341 <li>Type restriction: <code>(e : t)</code> (forgets any more precise
182     type for <code>e</code>) </li>
183     <li>Pattern matching: <code>match e with p1 -> e1 | ... | pn ->
184     en</code></li>
185     <li>Local binding: <code>let p = e1 in e2</code>, equivalent to
186     <code>match e1 with p -> e2</code>;
187     <code>let p : t = e1 in e2</code> equivalent to
188     <code>let p = (e1 : t) in e2</code> </li>
189     <li>If-then-else: <code>if e1 then e2 else e3</code>, equivalent to
190     <code>match e1 with `true -> e2 | `false -> e3</code></li>
191 abate 254 <li>Exceptions: <ul>
192 abate 341 <li>Raise exception: <code>raise e</code></li>
193     <li>Handle exception: <code>try e with p1 -> e1 | ... | pn ->
194     en</code></li>
195 abate 254 </ul> </li>
196     </ul>
197     </box>
198    
199     <box title="More about types and patterns" link="type">
200     <ul>
201 abate 341 <li>Boolean connectives: <code>&amp;,|,\</code> (<code>|</code> is
202 abate 254 first-match). </li>
203 abate 341 <li>Empty and universal types: <code>Empty,Any</code> or
204     <code>_</code>.</li>
205     <li>Recursive types and patterns: <code>t where T1 = t2 and ... and
206     Tn = tn</code>.</li>
207     <li>Capture variable: <code>x</code>. </li>
208     <li>Default values: <code>(x := c)</code>. </li>
209 abate 254 </ul>
210     </box>
211 abate 282
212 abate 630 <box title="References" link="ref">
213    
214     <ul>
215     <li>Type: <code>ref %%T%%</code>.</li>
216     <li>Construction: <code>ref %%T%% %%e%%</code>.</li>
217     <li>Dereferencing: <code>!%%e1%%</code>.</li>
218     <li>Assignment: <code>%%e1%% := %%e2%%</code>.</li>
219     </ul>
220    
221     </box>
222    
223 abate 341 <box title="Toplevel statements" link="toplevel">
224 abate 282 <ul>
225 abate 554 <li>Global expression to evaluate.</li>
226     <li>Global let-binding.</li>
227     <li>Global function declaration.</li>
228 abate 341 <li>Type declarations: <code>type T = t</code>.</li>
229 abate 554 <li>Global <local href="namespaces">namespace</local>:
230     <code>namespace p = "..."</code>,
231     <code>namespace "..."</code>.</li>
232     <li>Source inclusion: <code>include %%filename_string%%</code>.</li>
233     <li>Debug directives: <code>debug %%directive argument%%</code> <br/>
234     where <code>%%directive%%</code> is one of the following: <code>accept</code>,
235     <code>subtype</code>, <code>compile</code>, <code>sample</code>, <code>filter</code>.
236 abate 282 </li>
237 abate 554 <li>Toplevel directives: <code>#env</code>, <code>#quit</code>,
238     <code>#reinit_ns</code>.</li>
239 abate 282 </ul>
240     </box>
241    
242 abate 254 </page>
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